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It is now generally recognised that guaranteed
access to health services tailored to the needs of vulnerable groups most
at risk of Sexually transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV-AIDS is beneficial
to society by preventing the spread of HIV among the general population.
Vulnerable groups such as sex workers
have historically been stigmatised because they have been associated with
the transmission of STI-HIV-AIDS. This makes the uptake of health services
for this group even more important, including access to appropriate information
and sexual and reproductive health care.
Since 1995 ICAS has run a competitive voucher program.
ICAS promotes the human rights of vulnerable groups through the voucher
scheme, peer education, lobbying and advocacy. This is one of the world’s
first voucher schemes for health services and has proven to be highly
successful in reaching vulnerable groups with priority health services.
The voucher scheme began as a research program providing
free-of-charge prevention and treatment services for STIs in Managua.
The target groups are:
- Sex workers (SW)
- Glue-sniffing young people
- Transvestite sex workers and
- Their partners and regular clients
Following the success of the strategy in tackling
the spread of HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua, the voucher scheme was converted
to an ongoing program in 2000. At this time further vulnerable groups
were added:
- Men who have Sex with Men (MSM)
- Military
- Prisoners
- Mobile populations (for example; truck drivers).
The program was scaled up to other prioritised areas
of Nicaragua, particularly to the Pacific Coast, borders with Honduras
and Costa Rica, the sea-ports of Corinto and San Juan del Sur, and cities
along the Pan-American Road (Somotillo, Chinandega, Leon and Rivas). The
voucher program now includes Voluntary Counselling and Testing for HIV
and follow-up and care of People Living With HIV/AIDS, including pregnant
women.
The program is now in its twelfth year and is currently
being implemented at Nicaragua's southern border in Peñas Blancas
and Rivas, reaching mobile populations and sex workers.
The program has received funding from the Dutch and English Government,
US-AID (through the NGO-network NicaSalud), the Dutch NGO NOVIB (member
of OXFAM International), the Elton John AIDS Foundation and currently
from the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria through the
Mexican National Public Health Institute (INSP).
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The most recent publications in English on the Program
for the prevention and treatment of STI-HIV-AIDS are shown below.
- Gorter AC, Segura ZE, Medina
JA, Rodriguez OG, Medina GM, Peralta WJ and Rovin K, Providing STI/HIV/AIDS
services to glue-sniffing young people in Nicaragua: needs, relevance
and feasibility, Abstract
at the XVII International Conference on AIDS, 3-8 August 2008, Mexico
City.
- Kimberly Rovin, The
Situation of Drug-Addicted HIV+ Street Children in Managua, Nicaragua, Central
American Institute of Health Internship, Spring 2008.
- Gorter AC, Segura ZE, Medina JA, McKay JE. Effectiveness
and impact of a long running competitive voucher program providing
quality STI/HIV care to groups most at risk of HIV in Nicaragua. Poster
XVI International Conference on AIDS, Toronto, Canada, 13-18 August
2006.
- Gorter AC, Segura ZE, Medina JA, McKay JE. Adolescent
and young sex workers in Managua, Nicaragua compared to their older
peers: STI/HIV prevalence and evaluation of the effectiveness of a competitive
voucher program disaggregated by age. Poster
XVI International Conference on AIDS, Toronto, Canada, 13-18 August
2006.
- McKay J, Campbell D, Gorter AC, Segura Z. Can
targeted STI treatment be a cost-effective contributor to HIV/AIDS prevention
in developing countries despite its high unit cost? An
applied study based on a long running voucher program in Nicaragua
using simulation modelling to track program impacts, determine cost-effectiveness
and identify cost effective program modifications. Poster XVI International
Conference on AIDS, Toronto, Canada, 13-18 August 2006.
- McKay JE, Campbell DJ and Gorter AC, Can
targeted, high-cost STI treatment contribute to cost-effective HIV prevention
in developing countries? Evidence from a 10-year program in Nicaragua?
Oral
presentation IAEN Pre-Conference Meeting, Toronto 11-12 August 2006
(International AIDS Economics Network).
- McKay JE, Campbell DJ, Gorter AC. Lessons
for management of STI treatment programs as part of HIV/AIDS prevention
strategies. American Journal of Public Health 2006; 96:7-9.
- Gorter AC, Segura ZE, Morré SA, Chlamydia
trachomatis infections in Nicaragua: Preliminary results from a
competitive voucher scheme to prevent and treat sexually transmitted
infections and HIV/AIDS among sex workers, in Peña S, Morré
SA (ed), An integrated approach to the understanding of Chlamydia trachomatis
infection, Prous Science, Barcelona, Spain, Drugs of Today 2006, 42
(Suppl. A): 47-54
- Borghi J, Gorter A, Sandiford P and Segura Z,
Counting the cost
of a competitive voucher scheme for STI treatment in Nicaragua,
ID21 Research Highlight: 18 January 2006
- Borghi J, Gorter A, Sandiford P and Segura Z.
The Cost-Effectiveness
of a Voucher Scheme to Reduce Sexually Transmitted Infections in
High Risk Groups: the case of Managua, Nicaragua. Health Policy &
Planning, 2005; 20(4): 222-31
- The
STI-HIV-AIDS Prevention and Treatment Programme for Vulnerable Populations
at High Risk, Central American Health Institute, July 2005.
- Institute for Health Sector Development (IHSD-HLSP),
UK, Private
Sector Participation in Health. This resource reviews a number of
demand- and supply-side mechanisms for engaging with the private sector.
Four case studies - from Cambodia, Nicaragua (the Nicaraguan voucher
scheme), Pakistan and Tanzania - illustrate some of the mechanisms reviewed,
HLSP website, 2005
- WHO,
Achieving the global goals: access to services, Global consultation
on the health services response to the prevention and care of HIV/AIDS
among young people, Technical
Report of a WHO Consultation in collaboration with UNAIDS, UNFPA and
Youthnet, Montreux, 17-21 March 2003. Published in 2004, Geneva,
Switzerland. A chapter describes how a competitive voucher scheme works
and its pros and cons. ISBN 92 4 159132 3
- Gorter A, Segura Z, Zuñiga E and Medina
J, Scaling
up a successful research project to reach vulnerable populations with
STI/HIV care through a competitive voucher scheme in Nicaragua.
Poster
presentacion powerpoint, at the 15th International AIDS Conference,
Bangkok, 11-16th July 2004.
- Segura Z, Gorter A, Voucher scheme for sexual
and reproductive health services, Nicaragua. In UNAIDS and the Royal
Tropical Institute (2004), Techniques
and practices for Local Responses to HIV/AIDS, Part 2, KIT Publishers,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Published at website KIT (Dutch Royal Tropical
Institute)
- KfW,
Case study of the Nicaragua voucher scheme for sex workers, in Private
Sector Participation in Health Sector Cooperation – Options and
Experiences, Report February 2004, edited by Private Sector Participation,
KfW Bankengruppe, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Julienne McKay, Executive Summary "Economic
Evaluation of a Voucher Scheme Amongst Commercial Sex Workers and Their
Clients in Nicaragua", Operated since 1996 by ICAS, University
of Sydney, Australia. May 2004.
- Sandiford P, Competitive
voucher schemes, Can they improve healthcare for the poor? ID21,
Insights Health Issue #3, March 2003
- Gorter A, Segura Z, Sandiford P, Competitive
Voucher Schemes for Better Health for Vulnerable Populations and Poor.
Invited presentation and clinic at the Discussion Forum on Private Provision
of Health Services in Developing Countries of the World Bank, Washington
DC, US, November 7, 2002.
- Gorter A, Segura Z, Zuñiga E, Torrentes
R, Risk factors
for syphilis within a female sex worker population in Managua, analysing
data from a voucher program. Oral presentation at 18th Congress of Sexually
Transmitted Infections, Vienna, September 12-14, 2002
- Gorter A, Segura Z, Zuñiga E, Torrentes
R, The potential
of voucher schemes for the prevention and treatment of sexually
transmitted infections amongst clients of sex workers. Poster presentation
XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain, July 2002.
- Segura Z, Gorter A, Zuñiga E, Torrentes
R, A
voucher scheme to reach young sex workers (including glue-sniffing
girls), to treat sexually transmitted infections and to prevent HIV
transmission. Poster XIV International AIDS Conference 2002, Barcelona,
Spain, July 2002.
- Sandiford P, Gorter A and Salvetto M. Vouchers
for Health, Using Voucher Schemes for Output-Based Aid. The World
Bank Group. Public Policy for the Private Sector, Viewpoint 2002; 243,
1-4. Spanish translation here.
- Sandiford P, Gorter A and Salvetto M. Use
of voucher schemes for output-based aid in the health sector in Nicaragua:
three case studies. Invited presentation at the World Bank workshop
on Output-Based Aid (OBA), Frankfurt, Germany, January 24-26, 2002 (link
to Voucher schemes.
- Gorter A, Segura Z, Zuñiga E, Torrentes
R, The
ICAS voucher scheme to combat HIV/AIDS, Nicaragua. Invited presentation
at the DfID Safe Passages to Adulthood & WHO Expert Meeting, Brighton,
UK, December 2001. Published in the DfID/WHO Safe Passage to Adulthood
series: Preventing HIV/AIDS, promoting sexual health, among especially
vulnerable young people, July 2002 (series on best practices ISBN 0-85432-783-5).
- Gorter A and Sandiford P, Vouching
for health: HIV prevention for sex workers in Nicaragua, ID21 News,
March 2001.
- Gorter A, Segura Z, Zuniga E, Torrentes R and
Sandiford P, A
voucher program can efficiently target groups with high need for sexual
health services, the case of Managua, Oral Presentation 13th World
Aids Conference, Durban, June 2000. The program received a special mention
at the last day rapporteur session of the conference.
- Gorter A, Segura Z, Sandiford P, Zuñiga
E, Torrentes R, Ådahl S. “You
should not tell us to use condoms, but our clients!” An extended
voucher program in. Research for Sex Work Newsletter 3, July 2000, Amsterdam.
- Sandiford P, Salvetto M, Segura Z, Gorter A.
Clinics for sex workers in Managua. In Harper M (ed.) 'Public
services through private enterprise; micro-privatisation for improved
delivery', IT Publications, London, and Oxford IBH Publishers New
Delhi, 2000.
- Gorter A, Sandiford P, Segura
Z and Villabella C. Improved
health care for sex workers. A voucher program for female sex workers
in Nicaragua. Research for Sex Work Newsletter 2, August 1999, Amsterdam.
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